Cricket
Cricket is a bat-and-ball team sport that is first documented as being played in southern England in the 16th century. By the end of the 18th century, cricket had developed to the point where it had become the national sport of England. The expansion of the British Empire led to cricket being played overseas and by the mid-19th century the first international matches were being held. Today, the game's governing body, the International Cricket Council (ICC), has 104 member countries. With its greatest popularity in the Test playing countries, cricket is the world's second most popular sport
Techniques of Cricket
There are four basic functions in a game of cricket:
Bowling is one of the main functions to win a match.
Categories of Bowling
Following are the main categories of bowling which suit different types of bowling:
Fast Bowling: The fast bowlers are the ones who open the attack. A fast bowler must be strong in build with lots of stamina. He should be strong in the shoulders, back and hip together with rhythm in action.
Medium Pace Bowling: Like fast bowlers, medium-pace bowlers must also be strong build with stamina of an athlete. They have to do bowling for a long time till the shine of the ball disappears to usher in the spinners.
Spin Bowling: A slow bowler need not be massive in build but the more important is the size of his hand. His fingers should be long enough to be able to grip and spin the ball properly. Slow bowlers come in all shapes and sizes.
Long Top Ball: A short ball which can easily be seen off the pitch.
Full-Pitch Ball: It is also called a Full-toss ball. It is one which the batsman can hit from the crease before it pitches.
Off-Spins: A ball which if pitched on the off side and comes back to the wicket. In off-break the ball is spun in a clockwise direction left to right, the ball being held between the first two fingers, the two others being curled slightly over the ball, with the thumb on the opposite side.
Leg-Breaks: A ball which is pitched on the leg side and comes back to the wicket. In leg-break the ball is spun with the fingers over the ball and in most cases the ball in delivered in the direction of the spin. If bowled with fingers over the ball and in somewhat downward direction, the leg break ball will penetrate the surface of the wicket and turn quickly.
Half-Volley: A ball which can be hit just after it has bounced.
Swerve and Swing: In this case the ball can be made to swing in the air, either in to the batsman or away from him. The direction and amount of wind will have a certain effect on how much the ball will swing or swerve. Moreover, on a humid day, the ball will swing comparatively more than on a dry bright day.
Batting
Batting is also represents challenge, where the batsman is completely alone surrounded by a great defiance of eleven players around him who are asking for his blood and are making every effort to dismiss him in the shortest possible time.
Categories of batting
Forward Playing: In this batsman stretches his left foot down the wicket, towards the point where the ball is pitching. The head is behind and over the bat and the majority of the weight is on the left feet. The right foot must have some part of it on the ground behind the line to avoid stumped out.
When you play forward you can go two or three steps towards the bowler, or even more, if your judgment of the length of the ball demands it.
Back Defense Playing: in this batsman puts this weight on the right foot, which has been drawn back towards the stumps. The front foot is kept just touching the ground to keep one’s balance with a firm left wrist and left elbow upright. The bat should be slightly inclined to the ground when it meets the ball
When you play back you have a space of four feet between the wicket and battling crease and you can use a great deal of that in taking the backward pace. Be careful that you don’t go so far back that you hit the stumps of bump in to them while playing a stroke.
Fielding
Offensive Fielding: The offensive fielding is often or more useful to win a match. It encourages the bowler to make perfect deliveries and can upset the batsman. The objective is to stop the ball as early as possible and return it with maximum speed and accuracy to the run out. The technique is to be on the play before the ball is hit and then to anticipate from the shot the direction the ball will take.
Close Fielding:Close fielding is very important to win a match. This is the position of a fielder nearest to the batsman at slips, gully, square legs, silly mid-on, silly mid-off, there by surrounding the batsman ready to take a catch.
Wicket Keeping
Wicket keeping in cricket is a specialist job. A wicket keeper’s stance should not be dogmatic and should be comfortable, allowing maximum speed and agility. His position behind the wickets varies with the pace of the pitch and speed of bowling.
The wicket keeper should stand in such a way that he can have a clear view of the bowler while he delivers the ball. He should keep his fingers pointed slightly downwards to avoid injury and the cup the ball in his gloves. He should be swift and accurate in stumping
Laws of Cricket
Cricket is a bat-and-ball team sport that is first documented as being played in southern England in the 16th century. By the end of the 18th century, cricket had developed to the point where it had become the national sport of England. The expansion of the British Empire led to cricket being played overseas and by the mid-19th century the first international matches were being held. Today, the game's governing body, the International Cricket Council (ICC), has 104 member countries. With its greatest popularity in the Test playing countries, cricket is the world's second most popular sport
Techniques of Cricket
There are four basic functions in a game of cricket:
- Bowling
- Batting
- Fielding
- Wicket-Keeping
Bowling is one of the main functions to win a match.
Categories of Bowling
Following are the main categories of bowling which suit different types of bowling:
Fast Bowling: The fast bowlers are the ones who open the attack. A fast bowler must be strong in build with lots of stamina. He should be strong in the shoulders, back and hip together with rhythm in action.
Medium Pace Bowling: Like fast bowlers, medium-pace bowlers must also be strong build with stamina of an athlete. They have to do bowling for a long time till the shine of the ball disappears to usher in the spinners.
Spin Bowling: A slow bowler need not be massive in build but the more important is the size of his hand. His fingers should be long enough to be able to grip and spin the ball properly. Slow bowlers come in all shapes and sizes.
Types Ball
Good Length Ball: A ball which bounces in such a position on the pitch that a batsman faces the problem of whether to play forward or go back. The more a ball terns, the more effective it will be it pitched to be of good length.Long Top Ball: A short ball which can easily be seen off the pitch.
Full-Pitch Ball: It is also called a Full-toss ball. It is one which the batsman can hit from the crease before it pitches.
Off-Spins: A ball which if pitched on the off side and comes back to the wicket. In off-break the ball is spun in a clockwise direction left to right, the ball being held between the first two fingers, the two others being curled slightly over the ball, with the thumb on the opposite side.
Leg-Breaks: A ball which is pitched on the leg side and comes back to the wicket. In leg-break the ball is spun with the fingers over the ball and in most cases the ball in delivered in the direction of the spin. If bowled with fingers over the ball and in somewhat downward direction, the leg break ball will penetrate the surface of the wicket and turn quickly.
Half-Volley: A ball which can be hit just after it has bounced.
Swerve and Swing: In this case the ball can be made to swing in the air, either in to the batsman or away from him. The direction and amount of wind will have a certain effect on how much the ball will swing or swerve. Moreover, on a humid day, the ball will swing comparatively more than on a dry bright day.
Batting
Batting is also represents challenge, where the batsman is completely alone surrounded by a great defiance of eleven players around him who are asking for his blood and are making every effort to dismiss him in the shortest possible time.
Categories of batting
Forward Playing: In this batsman stretches his left foot down the wicket, towards the point where the ball is pitching. The head is behind and over the bat and the majority of the weight is on the left feet. The right foot must have some part of it on the ground behind the line to avoid stumped out.
When you play forward you can go two or three steps towards the bowler, or even more, if your judgment of the length of the ball demands it.
Back Defense Playing: in this batsman puts this weight on the right foot, which has been drawn back towards the stumps. The front foot is kept just touching the ground to keep one’s balance with a firm left wrist and left elbow upright. The bat should be slightly inclined to the ground when it meets the ball
When you play back you have a space of four feet between the wicket and battling crease and you can use a great deal of that in taking the backward pace. Be careful that you don’t go so far back that you hit the stumps of bump in to them while playing a stroke.
Fielding
- Defensive Fielding
- Offensive Fielding
- Close Fielding
Offensive Fielding: The offensive fielding is often or more useful to win a match. It encourages the bowler to make perfect deliveries and can upset the batsman. The objective is to stop the ball as early as possible and return it with maximum speed and accuracy to the run out. The technique is to be on the play before the ball is hit and then to anticipate from the shot the direction the ball will take.
Close Fielding:Close fielding is very important to win a match. This is the position of a fielder nearest to the batsman at slips, gully, square legs, silly mid-on, silly mid-off, there by surrounding the batsman ready to take a catch.
Wicket Keeping
Wicket keeping in cricket is a specialist job. A wicket keeper’s stance should not be dogmatic and should be comfortable, allowing maximum speed and agility. His position behind the wickets varies with the pace of the pitch and speed of bowling.
The wicket keeper should stand in such a way that he can have a clear view of the bowler while he delivers the ball. He should keep his fingers pointed slightly downwards to avoid injury and the cup the ball in his gloves. He should be swift and accurate in stumping
Laws of Cricket
Law 1: The players. A cricket team consists of eleven players, including a captain.
Law 2: The Substitutes. In cricket, a substitute may be brought on for an injured fielder. However, a substitute may not bat, bowl, keep wicket or act as captain. The original player may return if he has recovered. A batsman who becomes unable to run may have a runner, who completes the runs while the batsman continues batting. Alternatively, a batsman may retire hurt or ill, and may return later to resume his innings if he recovers.
Law 3: The umpires. There are two umpires, who apply the Laws, make all necessary decisions, and relay the decisions to the scorers. While not required under the laws of cricket, in higher level cricket a third umpire (located off the ground and available to assist the on-field umpires) may be used under the specific playing conditions of a particular match or tournament.
Law 4: The scorers. There are two scorers who respond to the umpires' signals and keep the score.
Law 5: The ball. A cricket ball is between 8 13/16 and 9 inches (22.4 cm and 22.9 cm) in circumference, and weighs between 5.5 and 5.75 ounces (155.9g and 163g). Only one ball is used at a time, unless it is lost, when it is replaced with a ball of similar wear. It is also replaced at the start of each innings, and may, at the request of the fielding side, be replaced with a new ball, after a certain number of overs have been bowled (80 in Test matches, 34 in ODIs).
Law 6: The bat. The bat is no more than 38 inches (97 cm) in length, and no more than 4.25 inches (10.8 cm) wide. The hand or glove holding the bat is considered part of the bat. The laws have provided that the blade of the bat must be made of wood (and in practice, they are made from White Willow wood).
Law 7: The pitch. The pitch is a rectangular area of the ground 22 yards (20 m) long and 10 ft (3.0 m) wide. The Ground Authority selects and prepares the pitch, but once the game has started, the umpires control what happens to the pitch. The umpires are also the arbiters of whether the pitch is fit for play, and if they deem it unfit, with the consent of both captains can change the pitch. Professional cricket is almost always played on a grass surface. However, in the event a non-turf pitch is used, the artificial surface must have a minimum length of 58 ft (18 m) and a minimum width of 6 ft (1.8 m).
Law 8: The wickets. The wicket consists of three wooden stumps that are 28 inches (71 cm) tall. The stumps are placed along the batting crease with equal distances between each stump. They are positioned so they are 9 inches (23 cm) wide. Two wooden bails are placed on top of the stumps. The bails must not project more than 0.5 inches (1.3 cm) above the stumps, and must, for men's cricket, be 45⁄16 inches (10.95 cm) long. There are also specified lengths for the barrel and spigots of the bail. There are different specifications for the wickets and bails for junior cricket. The umpires may dispense with the bails if conditions are unfit (ie it is windy so they might fall off by themselves). Further details on the specifications of the wickets are contained in Appendix A to the laws.
Law 9: Bowling, popping, and return creases. This law sets out the dimensions and locations of the creases. The bowling crease, which is the line the stumps are in the middle of, is drawn at each end of the pitch so that the three stumps in the set of stumps at that end of the pitch fall on it (and consequently it is perpendicular to the imaginary line joining the centres of both middle stumps). Each bowling crease should be 8 feet 8 inches (2.64 m) in length, centred on the middle stump at each end, and each bowling crease terminates at one of the return creases. The popping crease, which determines whether a batsman is in his ground or not, and which is used in determining front-foot no balls (see law 24), is drawn at each end of the pitch in front of each of the two sets of stumps. The popping crease must be 4 feet (1.2 m) in front of and parallel to the bowling crease. Although it is considered to have unlimited length, the popping crease must be marked to at least 6 feet (1.8 m) on either side of the imaginary line joining the centres of the middle stumps. The return creases, which are the lines a bowler must be within when making a delivery, are drawn on each side of each set of the stumps, along each sides of the pitch (so there are four return creases in all, one on either side of both sets of stumps). The return creases lie perpendicular to the popping crease and the bowling crease, 4 feet 4 inches (1.32 m) either side of and parallel to the imaginary line joining the centres of the two middle stumps. Each return crease terminates at one end at the popping crease but the other end is considered to be unlimited in length and must be marked to a minimum of 8 feet (2.4 m) from the popping crease.
Law 10: Preparation and maintenance of the playing area. In cricket, when a ball is bowled it almost always bounces on the pitch, and how the ball behaves depends very much on the condition of the pitch. Therefore detailed rules on the pitch itself are necessary. This law sets down rules governing how pitches should be prepared, mown, rolled, etc.
Law 11: Covering the pitch. Covering the pitch affects how the ball will react when it bounces on it. For example, a ball bouncing on wet ground will react differently to one bouncing on dry ground. The laws stipulate that the regulations on covering the pitch shall be agreed in advance. Bowlers' run-ups also need to be dry to reduce the chances that they will slip. The laws therefore require these to be covered wherever possible when there is wet weather.
Law 12: Innings. Before the game, the teams agree whether it is to be over one or two innings, and whether either or both innings are to be limited by time or by overs. An innings is closed once all batsmen are dismissed, no further batsmen are fit to play, the innings is declared or forfeited by the batting captain, or any agreed time or over limit is reached. The captain winning the toss of a coin decides whether to bat or to bowl first.
Law 13: The follow-on. In a two innings match, if the side batting second scores substantially fewer runs than the side batting first, the side that batted first can force their opponents to bat again immediately. The side that enforced the follow-on risks not getting to bat again and thus the chance of winning. For a game of five or more days, the side batting first must be at least 200 runs ahead to enforce the follow-on; for a three- or four-day game, 150 runs; for a two-day game, 100 runs; for a one-day game, 75 runs. The length of the game is determined by the number of scheduled days play left when the game actually begins.
Law 14: Declaration and forfeiture. The batting captain can declare an innings closed at any time when the ball is dead. He may also forfeit his innings before it has started.
Law 15: Intervals. There are intervals between each day's play, a ten-minute interval between innings, and lunch, tea and drinks intervals. The timing and length of the intervals must be agreed before the match begins. There are also provisions for moving the intervals and interval lengths in certain situations, most notably the provision that if nine wickets are down, the tea interval is delayed to the earlier of the fall of the next wicket and 30 minutes elapsing.
Law 16: Start of play; Cessation of play. Play after an interval commences with the umpire's call of "Play", and at the end of a session by "Time". The last hour of a match must contain at least 20 overs, being extended in time so as to include 20 overs if necessary.
Law 17: Practice on the field. There may be no batting or bowling practice on the pitch except before the days play starts and after the day's play has ended. Bowlers may only have trial run-ups if the umpires are of the view that it would waste no time.
Law 18: Scoring runs. Runs are scored when the two batsmen run to each other's end of the pitch. Several runs can be scored from one ball.
Law 19: Boundaries. A boundary is marked round the edge of the field of play. If the ball is hit past this boundary, four runs are scored, or six runs if the ball didn't hit the ground before crossing the boundary.
Law 20: Lost ball. If a ball in play is lost or cannot be recovered, the fielding side can call "lost ball". The batting side keeps any penalty runs (such as no-balls and wides) and scores the higher of six runs and the number of runs actually run.
Law 21: The result. The side which scores the most runs wins the match. If both sides score the same number of runs, the match is tied.
Law 22: The over. An over consists of six balls bowled, excluding wides and no balls.
Law 23: Dead ball. The ball comes into play when the bowler begins his run up, and becomes dead when all the action from that ball is over. While the ball is dead, no runs can be scored and no batsmen can be dismissed. The ball becomes dead when a batsman is dismissed and when a bowler disturbs the stumps while bowling the ball.
Law 24: No ball. A ball can be a no ball for several reasons: if the bowler bowls from the wrong place; or if he straightens his elbow during the delivery; or if the bowling is dangerous; or if the ball bounces more than twice or rolls along the ground before reaching the batsman; or if the fielders are standing in illegal places. A no ball adds one run to the batting team's score, in addition to any other runs which are scored off it, and the batsman can't be dismissed off a no ball except by being run out, or by handling the ball, hitting the ball twice, or obstructing the field.
Law 25: Wide ball. An umpire calls a ball "wide" if, in his or her opinion, the batsman did not have a reasonable opportunity to score off the ball. A ball is called wide when the bowler bowls a bouncer that goes over the head of the batsman. A wide adds one run to the batting team's score, in addition to any other runs which are scored off it, and the batsman can't be dismissed off a wide except by being run out or stumped, or by handling the ball, hitting his wicket, or obstructing the field.
Law 26: Bye and Leg bye. If a ball that is not a no ball or wide passes the striker and runs are scored, they are called byes. If a ball that is not a no ball hits the striker but not the bat and runs are scored, they are called leg-byes. However, leg-byes cannot be scored if the striker is neither attempting a stroke nor trying to avoid being hit. Byes and leg-byes are credited to the teams but not the batsman's total.
Law 27: Appeals. If the fielders believe a batsman is out, they may ask the umpire "How's That?", commonly shouted emphatically with arms raised, before the next ball is bowled. The umpire then decides whether the batsman is out.
Law 28: The wicket is down. Several methods of being out occur when the wicket is put down. This means that the wicket is hit by the ball, or the batsman, or the hand in which a fielder is holding the ball, and at least one bail is removed.
Law 29: Batsman out of his ground. The batsmen can be run out or stumped if they are out of their ground. A batsman is in his ground if any part of him or his bat is on the ground behind the popping crease. If both batsman are in the middle of the pitch when a wicket is put down, the batsman closer to that end is out.
Law 30: Bowled. A batsman is out if his wicket is put down by a ball delivered by the bowler. It is irrelevant whether the ball has touched the bat, glove, or any part of the batsman before going on to put down the wicket, though it may not touch another player or an umpire before doing so.
Law 31: Timed out. An incoming batsman must be ready to face a ball (or be at the crease with his partner ready to face a ball) within 3 minutes of the outgoing batsman being dismissed, otherwise the incoming batsman will be out.
Law 32: Caught. If a ball hits the bat or the hand holding the bat and is then caught by the opposition within the field of play before the ball bounces, then the batsman is out.
Law 33: Handled the ball. If a batsman willfully handles the ball with a hand that is not touching the bat without the consent of the opposition, he is out.
Law 34: Hit the ball twice. If a batsman hits the ball twice, other than for the sole purpose of protecting his wicket or with the consent of the opposition, he is out.
Law 35: Hit wicket. If, after the bowler has entered his delivery stride and while the ball is in play, a batsman puts his wicket down by his bat or his body he is out. The striker is also out hit wicket if he puts his wicket down by his bat or his body in setting off for a first run. "Body" includes the clothes and equipment of the batsman.
Law 36: Leg before wicket (LBW). If the ball hits the batsman without first hitting the bat, but would have hit the wicket if the batsman was not there, and the ball does not pitch on the leg side of the wicket, the batsman will be out. However, if the ball strikes the batsman outside the line of the off-stump, and the batsman was attempting to play a stroke, he is not out.
Law 37: Obstructing the field. If a batsman willfully obstructs the opposition by word or action, he is out.
Law 38: Run out. A batsman is out if at any time while the ball is in play no part of his bat or person is grounded behind the popping crease and his wicket is fairly put down by the opposing side. If runner batsman is out of the crease, before bowler delivers the ball, then bowler can hit the ball to the corresponding stumps before delivering it, and can appeal for out. (No longer in effect)
Law 39: Stumped. A batsman is out when the wicket-keeper (see Law 40) puts down the wicket, while the batsman is out of his crease and not attempting a run.
Law 2: The Substitutes. In cricket, a substitute may be brought on for an injured fielder. However, a substitute may not bat, bowl, keep wicket or act as captain. The original player may return if he has recovered. A batsman who becomes unable to run may have a runner, who completes the runs while the batsman continues batting. Alternatively, a batsman may retire hurt or ill, and may return later to resume his innings if he recovers.
Law 3: The umpires. There are two umpires, who apply the Laws, make all necessary decisions, and relay the decisions to the scorers. While not required under the laws of cricket, in higher level cricket a third umpire (located off the ground and available to assist the on-field umpires) may be used under the specific playing conditions of a particular match or tournament.
Law 4: The scorers. There are two scorers who respond to the umpires' signals and keep the score.
Law 5: The ball. A cricket ball is between 8 13/16 and 9 inches (22.4 cm and 22.9 cm) in circumference, and weighs between 5.5 and 5.75 ounces (155.9g and 163g). Only one ball is used at a time, unless it is lost, when it is replaced with a ball of similar wear. It is also replaced at the start of each innings, and may, at the request of the fielding side, be replaced with a new ball, after a certain number of overs have been bowled (80 in Test matches, 34 in ODIs).
Law 6: The bat. The bat is no more than 38 inches (97 cm) in length, and no more than 4.25 inches (10.8 cm) wide. The hand or glove holding the bat is considered part of the bat. The laws have provided that the blade of the bat must be made of wood (and in practice, they are made from White Willow wood).
Law 7: The pitch. The pitch is a rectangular area of the ground 22 yards (20 m) long and 10 ft (3.0 m) wide. The Ground Authority selects and prepares the pitch, but once the game has started, the umpires control what happens to the pitch. The umpires are also the arbiters of whether the pitch is fit for play, and if they deem it unfit, with the consent of both captains can change the pitch. Professional cricket is almost always played on a grass surface. However, in the event a non-turf pitch is used, the artificial surface must have a minimum length of 58 ft (18 m) and a minimum width of 6 ft (1.8 m).
Law 9: Bowling, popping, and return creases. This law sets out the dimensions and locations of the creases. The bowling crease, which is the line the stumps are in the middle of, is drawn at each end of the pitch so that the three stumps in the set of stumps at that end of the pitch fall on it (and consequently it is perpendicular to the imaginary line joining the centres of both middle stumps). Each bowling crease should be 8 feet 8 inches (2.64 m) in length, centred on the middle stump at each end, and each bowling crease terminates at one of the return creases. The popping crease, which determines whether a batsman is in his ground or not, and which is used in determining front-foot no balls (see law 24), is drawn at each end of the pitch in front of each of the two sets of stumps. The popping crease must be 4 feet (1.2 m) in front of and parallel to the bowling crease. Although it is considered to have unlimited length, the popping crease must be marked to at least 6 feet (1.8 m) on either side of the imaginary line joining the centres of the middle stumps. The return creases, which are the lines a bowler must be within when making a delivery, are drawn on each side of each set of the stumps, along each sides of the pitch (so there are four return creases in all, one on either side of both sets of stumps). The return creases lie perpendicular to the popping crease and the bowling crease, 4 feet 4 inches (1.32 m) either side of and parallel to the imaginary line joining the centres of the two middle stumps. Each return crease terminates at one end at the popping crease but the other end is considered to be unlimited in length and must be marked to a minimum of 8 feet (2.4 m) from the popping crease.
Law 10: Preparation and maintenance of the playing area. In cricket, when a ball is bowled it almost always bounces on the pitch, and how the ball behaves depends very much on the condition of the pitch. Therefore detailed rules on the pitch itself are necessary. This law sets down rules governing how pitches should be prepared, mown, rolled, etc.
Law 11: Covering the pitch. Covering the pitch affects how the ball will react when it bounces on it. For example, a ball bouncing on wet ground will react differently to one bouncing on dry ground. The laws stipulate that the regulations on covering the pitch shall be agreed in advance. Bowlers' run-ups also need to be dry to reduce the chances that they will slip. The laws therefore require these to be covered wherever possible when there is wet weather.
Law 12: Innings. Before the game, the teams agree whether it is to be over one or two innings, and whether either or both innings are to be limited by time or by overs. An innings is closed once all batsmen are dismissed, no further batsmen are fit to play, the innings is declared or forfeited by the batting captain, or any agreed time or over limit is reached. The captain winning the toss of a coin decides whether to bat or to bowl first.
Law 13: The follow-on. In a two innings match, if the side batting second scores substantially fewer runs than the side batting first, the side that batted first can force their opponents to bat again immediately. The side that enforced the follow-on risks not getting to bat again and thus the chance of winning. For a game of five or more days, the side batting first must be at least 200 runs ahead to enforce the follow-on; for a three- or four-day game, 150 runs; for a two-day game, 100 runs; for a one-day game, 75 runs. The length of the game is determined by the number of scheduled days play left when the game actually begins.
Law 14: Declaration and forfeiture. The batting captain can declare an innings closed at any time when the ball is dead. He may also forfeit his innings before it has started.
Law 15: Intervals. There are intervals between each day's play, a ten-minute interval between innings, and lunch, tea and drinks intervals. The timing and length of the intervals must be agreed before the match begins. There are also provisions for moving the intervals and interval lengths in certain situations, most notably the provision that if nine wickets are down, the tea interval is delayed to the earlier of the fall of the next wicket and 30 minutes elapsing.
Law 16: Start of play; Cessation of play. Play after an interval commences with the umpire's call of "Play", and at the end of a session by "Time". The last hour of a match must contain at least 20 overs, being extended in time so as to include 20 overs if necessary.
Law 17: Practice on the field. There may be no batting or bowling practice on the pitch except before the days play starts and after the day's play has ended. Bowlers may only have trial run-ups if the umpires are of the view that it would waste no time.
Law 18: Scoring runs. Runs are scored when the two batsmen run to each other's end of the pitch. Several runs can be scored from one ball.
Law 19: Boundaries. A boundary is marked round the edge of the field of play. If the ball is hit past this boundary, four runs are scored, or six runs if the ball didn't hit the ground before crossing the boundary.
Law 20: Lost ball. If a ball in play is lost or cannot be recovered, the fielding side can call "lost ball". The batting side keeps any penalty runs (such as no-balls and wides) and scores the higher of six runs and the number of runs actually run.
Law 21: The result. The side which scores the most runs wins the match. If both sides score the same number of runs, the match is tied.
Law 22: The over. An over consists of six balls bowled, excluding wides and no balls.
Law 23: Dead ball. The ball comes into play when the bowler begins his run up, and becomes dead when all the action from that ball is over. While the ball is dead, no runs can be scored and no batsmen can be dismissed. The ball becomes dead when a batsman is dismissed and when a bowler disturbs the stumps while bowling the ball.
Law 24: No ball. A ball can be a no ball for several reasons: if the bowler bowls from the wrong place; or if he straightens his elbow during the delivery; or if the bowling is dangerous; or if the ball bounces more than twice or rolls along the ground before reaching the batsman; or if the fielders are standing in illegal places. A no ball adds one run to the batting team's score, in addition to any other runs which are scored off it, and the batsman can't be dismissed off a no ball except by being run out, or by handling the ball, hitting the ball twice, or obstructing the field.
Law 25: Wide ball. An umpire calls a ball "wide" if, in his or her opinion, the batsman did not have a reasonable opportunity to score off the ball. A ball is called wide when the bowler bowls a bouncer that goes over the head of the batsman. A wide adds one run to the batting team's score, in addition to any other runs which are scored off it, and the batsman can't be dismissed off a wide except by being run out or stumped, or by handling the ball, hitting his wicket, or obstructing the field.
Law 26: Bye and Leg bye. If a ball that is not a no ball or wide passes the striker and runs are scored, they are called byes. If a ball that is not a no ball hits the striker but not the bat and runs are scored, they are called leg-byes. However, leg-byes cannot be scored if the striker is neither attempting a stroke nor trying to avoid being hit. Byes and leg-byes are credited to the teams but not the batsman's total.
Law 27: Appeals. If the fielders believe a batsman is out, they may ask the umpire "How's That?", commonly shouted emphatically with arms raised, before the next ball is bowled. The umpire then decides whether the batsman is out.
Law 28: The wicket is down. Several methods of being out occur when the wicket is put down. This means that the wicket is hit by the ball, or the batsman, or the hand in which a fielder is holding the ball, and at least one bail is removed.
Law 29: Batsman out of his ground. The batsmen can be run out or stumped if they are out of their ground. A batsman is in his ground if any part of him or his bat is on the ground behind the popping crease. If both batsman are in the middle of the pitch when a wicket is put down, the batsman closer to that end is out.
Law 30: Bowled. A batsman is out if his wicket is put down by a ball delivered by the bowler. It is irrelevant whether the ball has touched the bat, glove, or any part of the batsman before going on to put down the wicket, though it may not touch another player or an umpire before doing so.
Law 31: Timed out. An incoming batsman must be ready to face a ball (or be at the crease with his partner ready to face a ball) within 3 minutes of the outgoing batsman being dismissed, otherwise the incoming batsman will be out.
Law 32: Caught. If a ball hits the bat or the hand holding the bat and is then caught by the opposition within the field of play before the ball bounces, then the batsman is out.
Law 33: Handled the ball. If a batsman willfully handles the ball with a hand that is not touching the bat without the consent of the opposition, he is out.
Law 34: Hit the ball twice. If a batsman hits the ball twice, other than for the sole purpose of protecting his wicket or with the consent of the opposition, he is out.
Law 35: Hit wicket. If, after the bowler has entered his delivery stride and while the ball is in play, a batsman puts his wicket down by his bat or his body he is out. The striker is also out hit wicket if he puts his wicket down by his bat or his body in setting off for a first run. "Body" includes the clothes and equipment of the batsman.
Law 36: Leg before wicket (LBW). If the ball hits the batsman without first hitting the bat, but would have hit the wicket if the batsman was not there, and the ball does not pitch on the leg side of the wicket, the batsman will be out. However, if the ball strikes the batsman outside the line of the off-stump, and the batsman was attempting to play a stroke, he is not out.
Law 37: Obstructing the field. If a batsman willfully obstructs the opposition by word or action, he is out.
Law 38: Run out. A batsman is out if at any time while the ball is in play no part of his bat or person is grounded behind the popping crease and his wicket is fairly put down by the opposing side. If runner batsman is out of the crease, before bowler delivers the ball, then bowler can hit the ball to the corresponding stumps before delivering it, and can appeal for out. (No longer in effect)
Law 39: Stumped. A batsman is out when the wicket-keeper (see Law 40) puts down the wicket, while the batsman is out of his crease and not attempting a run.
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