Basketball
Basketball is played five-aside, substitutes being permitted with a ball resembling that used in football and goals consisting of posts that have iron rings and short nets attached to them back boards. It is purely bouncing, and by passing. Deliberate bodily contact is not allowed goals thrown during play count two points, and goals thrown from free throws after infringements one point. Height is an asset in the game, which demands stamina and agility, and which has been highly recommended as an ideal training activity by coaches of other sports, particularly athletics.
Basketball in now very popular in all parts of the world. The rules of the game were first standardized in 1934. The game of basketball is very fast and it is absorbing due to the intense activity and drama from the beginning to the end.
In early December 1891, Dr. James Naismith, a Canadian-born physical education professor and instructor at the International Young Men's Christian Association Training School (YMCA) (today, Springfield College) in Springfield, Massachusetts, USA, was trying to keep his gym class active on a rainy day sought a vigorous indoor game to keep his students occupied and at proper levels of fitness during the long New England winters. After rejecting other ideas as either too rough or poorly suited to walled-in gymnasiums, he wrote the basic rules and nailed a peach basket onto a 10-foot (3.05 m) elevated track. In contrast with modern basketball nets, this peach basket retained its bottom, and balls had to be retrieved manually after each "basket" or point scored; this proved inefficient, however, so the bottom of the basket was removed, allowing the balls to be poked out with a long dowel each time. The peach baskets were used until 1906 when they were finally replaced by metal hoops with backboards. A further change was soon made, so the ball merely passed through, paving the way for the game we know today. An association football was used to shoot baskets. Whenever a person got the ball in the basket, his team would gain a point. Whichever team got the most points won the game. The baskets were originally nailed to the mezzanine balcony of the playing court, but this proved impractical when spectators on the balcony began to interfere with shots. The backboard was introduced to prevent this interference; it had the additional effect of allowing rebound shots.
Naismith's handwritten diaries, discovered by his granddaughter in early 2006, indicate that he was nervous about the new game he had invented, which incorporated rules from a children's game called "Duck on a Rock", as many had failed before it. Naismith called the new game "Basket Ball".
The first official game was played in a YMCA gymnasium on January 20, 1892 with nine players. The game ended at 1–0; the shot was made from 25 feet (7.6 m), on a court just half the size of a present-day Street ball or National Basketball Association (NBA) court. By 1897–1898 teams of five became standard.
Rules of Basketball
Selection of right players for offence play is most important in basket ball. In order to penetrate the defence the offence must first move the ball. A team which moves the ball fast can score much easily. Next is movement of players them selves. A sound of a pattern will allow for movement of players in conjunction with the movement of the ball. Another important factor of a good offensive play is to good shot in to the basket. A good offence should take advantage of the scoring ability of the better offensive players and overpowering on the defensive players. The players in the offensive must maneuver their position as the stereotype offence often greatly reduces its effectiveness.
Defence
For a team that does not have a strong offence, a good defence cans also victory. It is important that the team members have desire to play defence. Moreover, proper defence position and footwork should be used by all team members. It is advisable that the players consult each other to offer the variation in defence pattern and correct positioning must be maintained by all the team members. Appropriate defence techniques should be advised to intercept various types of offensive movements. The pivot defender must be swift in taking the rebounding.
Diamension of Court
The playing court is a flat, hard surface free from obstructions with dimensions of 28m long by 15m wide, measured from the inside edge of the boundary line.
The Australian Basketball Federation (ABF) has the authority to approve, for their competitions, existing playing courts with minimum dimensions of 26m long by 14m wide.
The height of the ceiling or the lowest obstruction above the playing floor is at least 7m.
Lines
All lines are drawn in the same colour (preferably white), 5cm in width and clearly visible.
Boundary line
The playing area is limited by the boundary line, usually called baselines (on the short sides) and the sidelines (on the long sides). These lines are not part of the playing court. The minimum space around the court for run-off is 2m. Any obstruction, including seated team bench personnel, must be at least 2m from the playing court.
All spectators must be seated at a distance of at least 5m from the outside edge of the boundary lines of the playing court.
From 1 October 2010, for high level competitions (Olympic and World Championships), there will be two small lines marked outside the court, on the opposite side of the scorer’s table and the team bench areas. The outer edge is 8.325m from the inside edge of the endlines and level to the top of the three-point line. For medium level competitions (National Championships), this rule change comes into effect as at 1 October 2012.
Centre line, centre circle and semi-circles
The centre line is marked parallel to the endlines from the mid-points of the sidelines. It extends 15cm beyond each sideline.
The centre circle is marked in the centre of the playing court and has a radius of 1.8m measured to the outer edge of the circumference.
The semi-circles are marked on the playing court with a radium of 1.8m measured to the outer edge of the circumference and with the centre at the mid-points of the free-throw line.
From 1 October 2010, for high level competitions (Olympic and World Championships), there will be no-charge semi-circles marked on the playing court under the baskets. The distance of the inner edge of the semi-circles is 1.25m from the centre of the basket (on the floor). For medium level competitions (National Championships), this rule change comes into effect as of 1 October 2012
Three point field goal area and line
The three point field goal area is the entire floor area of the playing court, except for inside the three point line near the opponents’ basket. The three point line is generally an arc at a set radius from the basket. The three point line is 6.25m from the basket. The three point line is straight and parallel to the sideline in order to allow room between the three point line and the sideline.
From 1 October 2010, for high level competitions (Olympic and World Championships), the distance of the three point line is 6.75m. For medium level competitions (National Championships), this rule change comes into effect as at 1 October 2012.
Basketball is played five-aside, substitutes being permitted with a ball resembling that used in football and goals consisting of posts that have iron rings and short nets attached to them back boards. It is purely bouncing, and by passing. Deliberate bodily contact is not allowed goals thrown during play count two points, and goals thrown from free throws after infringements one point. Height is an asset in the game, which demands stamina and agility, and which has been highly recommended as an ideal training activity by coaches of other sports, particularly athletics.
Basketball in now very popular in all parts of the world. The rules of the game were first standardized in 1934. The game of basketball is very fast and it is absorbing due to the intense activity and drama from the beginning to the end.
In early December 1891, Dr. James Naismith, a Canadian-born physical education professor and instructor at the International Young Men's Christian Association Training School (YMCA) (today, Springfield College) in Springfield, Massachusetts, USA, was trying to keep his gym class active on a rainy day sought a vigorous indoor game to keep his students occupied and at proper levels of fitness during the long New England winters. After rejecting other ideas as either too rough or poorly suited to walled-in gymnasiums, he wrote the basic rules and nailed a peach basket onto a 10-foot (3.05 m) elevated track. In contrast with modern basketball nets, this peach basket retained its bottom, and balls had to be retrieved manually after each "basket" or point scored; this proved inefficient, however, so the bottom of the basket was removed, allowing the balls to be poked out with a long dowel each time. The peach baskets were used until 1906 when they were finally replaced by metal hoops with backboards. A further change was soon made, so the ball merely passed through, paving the way for the game we know today. An association football was used to shoot baskets. Whenever a person got the ball in the basket, his team would gain a point. Whichever team got the most points won the game. The baskets were originally nailed to the mezzanine balcony of the playing court, but this proved impractical when spectators on the balcony began to interfere with shots. The backboard was introduced to prevent this interference; it had the additional effect of allowing rebound shots.
Naismith's handwritten diaries, discovered by his granddaughter in early 2006, indicate that he was nervous about the new game he had invented, which incorporated rules from a children's game called "Duck on a Rock", as many had failed before it. Naismith called the new game "Basket Ball".
The first official game was played in a YMCA gymnasium on January 20, 1892 with nine players. The game ended at 1–0; the shot was made from 25 feet (7.6 m), on a court just half the size of a present-day Street ball or National Basketball Association (NBA) court. By 1897–1898 teams of five became standard.
Techniques of Basketball
Rules of Basketball
- Basketball played by two teams of five players each side.
- The playing court is a flat, hard surface free from obstructions. The dimensions of the courts may be varied to account for local facilities. The standard size is 28m long by 15m wide. It can be scaled down in size, providing the variations are in the same proportions from 26m x 14m to 12m x 7m
- The center circle, marked at the center of the court, is 1.80 meter in radius.
- In case of indoor court, the height of the ceiling should be at least 7 meters, and light should be adequately placed so as not to hinder the vision of the player throwing for basket.
- The boundary line must be well defined. The lines of long side are called side lines and those along short sides are called end line.
- A centre line parallel to the end lines is marked from the middle points of the side lines and extends 15 cms, beyond each side line.
- A free throw line is drawn parallel to each line having its ends at a distance of 5.80 metres from the inner edge of the end line and it shall be 3.60 metres long with its mid point on the line joining the midpoint of two end lines
- Free throw lines are marked by semi-circles with a radius of 1.80 metres with their centre of border free throw lines.
- The back board on which basket is fixed usually made of 3 cm, thick hardwood and its size shall be 1.80 metres horizontally and 1.20 metres vertically, with its front surface flat and painted white and its boarder is marked with lines 5 cms in width.
- On the back a board a rectangle is drawn behind the ring or basket and marked by line 5 cms wide. The iron rings have their inner diameter of 0.45 metres and are pointed orange. The iron rings are made of 20 mm diameter metal.
- The baskets comprise of the rings and nets.
- The rigs should lie in a horizontal plane at a height of 3.05 metres from the floor of the court, and projecting away from the back board with inner edge of the ring at a distance of 0.15 metres the ball shall be spherical, made of leather or approved synthetic material with its circumference between 75-78 cms.
- The weight of the ball shall be 600-950 grams
- The official should be provided with a time out watch, two stop watchers for time keepers, the 30 second operator, official score sheet, equipment for all signals, a score board.
- The ball may be thrown in any direction with one or both hands.
- The ball may be batted in any direction with one or both hands.
- A player can't run with the ball. The player must throw it from the spot on which he catches it, allowance to be made for a man running at good speed.
- The ball must be held in or between the hands; the arms or body must not be used for holding it.
- No shouldering, holding, striking, pushing, or tripping in any way of an opponent. The first infringement of this rule by any person shall count as a foul; the second shall disqualify him until the next basket is made or, if there was evident intent to injure the person, for the whole of the game. No substitution shall be allowed.
- A foul is striking at the ball with the fist, violation of rules three and four and such described in rule five
- If either side makes three consecutive fouls, it shall count a goal for the opponents (consecutive means without the opponents in the mean time making a foul).
- A goal shall be made when the ball is thrown or batted from the grounds into the basket and stays there (without falling), providing those defending the goal do not touch or disturb the goal. If the ball rests on the edges, and the opponent moves the basket, it shall count as a goal.
- When the ball goes out of bounds, it shall be thrown into the field and played by the first person touching it. In case of dispute the umpire shall throw it straight into the field. The thrower-in is allowed five seconds. If he holds it longer, it shall go to the opponent. If any side persists in delaying the game, the umpire shall call a foul on that side.
- The umpire shall be the judge of the men and shall note the fouls and notify the referee when three consecutive fouls have been made. He shall have power to disqualify people according to Rule 5.
- The referee shall be judge of the ball and shall decide when the ball is in play, in bounds, to which side it belongs, and shall keep the time. He shall decide when a goal has been made and keep account of the baskets, with any other duties that are usually performed by a scorekeeper.
- The time shall be two fifteen-minute halves, with five minutes rest between.
- The side making the most points in that time is declared the winner.
- Offence
- Defence
Selection of right players for offence play is most important in basket ball. In order to penetrate the defence the offence must first move the ball. A team which moves the ball fast can score much easily. Next is movement of players them selves. A sound of a pattern will allow for movement of players in conjunction with the movement of the ball. Another important factor of a good offensive play is to good shot in to the basket. A good offence should take advantage of the scoring ability of the better offensive players and overpowering on the defensive players. The players in the offensive must maneuver their position as the stereotype offence often greatly reduces its effectiveness.
Defence
For a team that does not have a strong offence, a good defence cans also victory. It is important that the team members have desire to play defence. Moreover, proper defence position and footwork should be used by all team members. It is advisable that the players consult each other to offer the variation in defence pattern and correct positioning must be maintained by all the team members. Appropriate defence techniques should be advised to intercept various types of offensive movements. The pivot defender must be swift in taking the rebounding.
Diamension of Court
The playing court is a flat, hard surface free from obstructions with dimensions of 28m long by 15m wide, measured from the inside edge of the boundary line.
The Australian Basketball Federation (ABF) has the authority to approve, for their competitions, existing playing courts with minimum dimensions of 26m long by 14m wide.
The height of the ceiling or the lowest obstruction above the playing floor is at least 7m.
Lines
All lines are drawn in the same colour (preferably white), 5cm in width and clearly visible.
Boundary line
The playing area is limited by the boundary line, usually called baselines (on the short sides) and the sidelines (on the long sides). These lines are not part of the playing court. The minimum space around the court for run-off is 2m. Any obstruction, including seated team bench personnel, must be at least 2m from the playing court.
All spectators must be seated at a distance of at least 5m from the outside edge of the boundary lines of the playing court.
From 1 October 2010, for high level competitions (Olympic and World Championships), there will be two small lines marked outside the court, on the opposite side of the scorer’s table and the team bench areas. The outer edge is 8.325m from the inside edge of the endlines and level to the top of the three-point line. For medium level competitions (National Championships), this rule change comes into effect as at 1 October 2012.
Centre line, centre circle and semi-circles
The centre line is marked parallel to the endlines from the mid-points of the sidelines. It extends 15cm beyond each sideline.
The centre circle is marked in the centre of the playing court and has a radius of 1.8m measured to the outer edge of the circumference.
The semi-circles are marked on the playing court with a radium of 1.8m measured to the outer edge of the circumference and with the centre at the mid-points of the free-throw line.
From 1 October 2010, for high level competitions (Olympic and World Championships), there will be no-charge semi-circles marked on the playing court under the baskets. The distance of the inner edge of the semi-circles is 1.25m from the centre of the basket (on the floor). For medium level competitions (National Championships), this rule change comes into effect as of 1 October 2012
Three point field goal area and line
The three point field goal area is the entire floor area of the playing court, except for inside the three point line near the opponents’ basket. The three point line is generally an arc at a set radius from the basket. The three point line is 6.25m from the basket. The three point line is straight and parallel to the sideline in order to allow room between the three point line and the sideline.
From 1 October 2010, for high level competitions (Olympic and World Championships), the distance of the three point line is 6.75m. For medium level competitions (National Championships), this rule change comes into effect as at 1 October 2012.
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