Foot ball
Introduction
Foot ball is the most popular game in the world due to it is easy availability. You need simply one ball to play. Most of the people in villages and even in colonies play it without caring much for the rules and regulation.
Although no exact source of origin of foot ball is available, some historians believe that the game organized in England centuries ago and was officially played for the first time in 417 A.D. at Durby, England.
The modern rules of football are based on the mid-19th century efforts to standardize the widely varying forms of football played at the public schools of England.
The laws of the game are currently determined by the International Football Association Board (IFAB). The Board was formed in 1886 after a meeting in Manchester of The Football Association, the Scottish Football Association, the Football Association of Wales, and the Irish Football Association. The world's oldest football competition is the FA Cup, which was founded by C. W. Alcock and has been contested by English teams since 1872. The first official international football match took place in 1872 between Scotland and England in Glasgow, again at the instigation of C. W. Alcock. England is home to the world's first football league, which was founded in Birmingham in 1888 by Aston Villa director William McGregor. The original format contained 12 clubs from the Midlands and the North of England. FIFA, the international football body, was formed in Paris in 1904 and declared that they would adhere to Laws of the Game of the Football Association. The growing popularity of the international game led to the admittance of FIFA representatives to the International Football Association Board in 1913. The board currently consists of four representatives from FIFA and one representative from each of the four British associations.
Today, football is played at a professional level all over the world. Millions of people regularly go to football stadiums to follow their favorite teams, while billions more watch the game on television or on the internet. A very large number of people also play football at an amateur level. According to a survey conducted by FIFA published in 2001, over 240 million people from more than 200 countries regularly play football. While football has the highest global television audience in sport, its simple rules and minimal equipment requirements at amateur level, have no doubt aided its growth in terms of participation.
Techniques of foot ball
Trapping: Trapping means to gain control over the ball to prevent it from rebounding away from the player.
Dribbling: Dribbling is done while waiting to send a pass. In dribbling the ball is not kicked but pushed. While dribbling full attention is given to the team-mates as well as opponents together with the ball.
Passing: For a good coordination between the players, effective passing is an essential requirement for all players. Passing can be done over short or long distance, either by head or by foot.
Heading: It means taking on the ball forward with speed to facilitate throwing in.
Tackling: It is move to take away the ball from the opponent and to gain control over it.
Goal keeping: Most important in defending a game is ensuring strong goal keeping. Besides defending the goal, the goal keeper must ensure his personal safety. The goal keeper must use hands first and place his body behind the heads the hands from a second barrier to the ball.
Rules of the game
Law 1 Field of Play
Dimensions: the field of play shall be rectangular, its length being not more than 130 yards or less then 56 yards. (In international matches the length shall be not more than 80 yards or than 70 yards). The length shall in all cases exceed the breath. The length of the pitch for international adult matches is in the range of 100–110 m (110–120 yd) and the width is in the range of 64–75 m (70–80 yd). Fields for non-international matches may be 91–120 m (100–130 yd) length and 45–91 m (50–101 yd) in width, provided that the pitch does not become square. In 2008, the IFAB set a fixed size of 105 m long and 68 m wide as a standard pitch dimension for A international matches..
The marking: the field of play shall be marked with distinctive marking not more than 5 inches in width, not by a v-shaped cut, in according with the plan, the longer boundary lines being called the touchlines and the shorter the goal lines. A flag on a post not less than 5 feet height and having a non-pointed top shall be placed at each corner; a similar flag post may be placed opposite the half way line on each side of the field of play no less than 1 yard out side the touch line. A half way line shall be marked out across the field of play. The centre of the field of play shall be indicated by a suitable mark and a circle with a 10 yards radius shall be marked around it.
The goal area: at each of the field of play two lines shall be drawn at right angles to the goal line, 6 yards from each goal post. These shall extend in to the field of play from a distance of 6 yards and shall enclose by these lines and the goal line shall be called a goal area.
The penalty area: at each end of the field of play two lines shall be drawn at right angles to the goal line, 18 yards fro each goal post. These shall extend in to the field of play from a distance of 18 yards and shall be joined by a line drawn parallel with the goal line. Each of the space enclosed by these lines and the goal lines shall be called a penalty area. A suitable mark shall be made with each penalty area, 12 yards from the midpoint of the goal line, measured along an undrawn line at right angle thereto. These shall be the penalty-kick marks. From each penalty kick an arc of a circle, having a radius of 10 yards, shall be drawn out side the penalty area.
The corner area: from each corner flag a quarter circles, having a radius of 1 yard, shall be draw inside the field of play.
The goals: the goal shall be placed on centre of each goal line and shall consist of two upright posts equidistant from the corner flag and 8 yards apart( inside measurement), joined by a horizontal cross bar the lower edge which shall be 8 feet from the ground. The width and depth of goal posts and the width and depth of cross bar shall not exceed 5 inches. The goal posts and cross bars shall have the same width.
Law 2 The Ball
The ball shall be spherical; the outer casting shall be of leather or other approved materials, the circumference of the ball shall not be more than 28 inches and not less than 27 inches. The weight of the ball at the start of the game shall not be more than 16 ounces not less than 14 ounces.
Law 3 Number of Players
The substitute shall await a signal from the refree before entering the field of play;
He shall enter field during a stoppage in the game, and at the half way line; and
Play shall not be restarted until the player who has been replaced has left the field.
Law 4 Equipments
Basic equipment is the team jersey, shorts, shin guards with socks and studded boots or trainers depending on the surface. The goalkeeper is also permitted gloves and a different colored jersey for identification purposes.
Law 5 Referee
The referee adjudicates the match in collaboration with two linesmen (properly referred to as `referee’s assistants`) and a fourth official, situated on the touchline, if necessary. The referee’s tasks include acting as a timekeeper (although with advice on the amount of `injury time` to be added on to the 45 minutes each half to compensate for injuries and other stoppages), awarding free kicks and penalties and generally dealing with anything requiring a ruling. Can also choose to allow play to proceed in case of a foul, providing there is an `advantage` to be gained by the team against which the foul has been committed.
Law 6 Linesmen
Two linesmen shall be appointed, whose duty (subject to the decision of the referee) shall be to indicate when the ball is out of play and which side is entitled to the corner kick, goal kick or throw-in.
Law 7 Duration of the Match
The match officially lasts 90 minutes, split into two 45-minute halves with a half-time interval of no longer than 15 minutes. In the knock-out stages of competitions, extra-time is used if there is no winner after 90 minutes. This extra period is 30 minutes, split into two 15 minute halves. If extra-time does not find a winner, then a penalty shoot-out takes place, where five players from each team are selected and alternate shots on goal from the penalty spot against the opposition goalkeeper. In that instance, the team with the most successful penalties is declared the winner. If they are still tied then they will move on to sudden-death penalties, where each team will take one penalty until one of the two sides has scored move than the other after the side amount of spot kicks.
Law 8 Start and Restart of Play
A coin toss takes place just before the game starts, the winner of which will get the choice of choosing which end to attack or whether to kick-off. Should they choose to kick-off then the other captain will be allowed elect which end to attack in the first half.
The kick-off is also used after a goal has been scored, the task befalling the team who has conceded, and for both halves of extra-time. At the kick-off, players from each side must all be in their half of the field. The actual kick-off takes place on the centre spot in the centre circle. The player who kicks off cannot touch it again until another player has made contact.
Law 9 Offside
The perennial problem for newcomers in football is to understand the offside rule. This is made somewhat harder by the fact there are two elements to offside in football; being in an offside position, and committing an offside offence. To be in an offside position is to be closer to the opponent’s goal than the last opposition outfield player (therefore excluding the goalkeeper) and the ball. However, to commit an offside offence is to have the ball played forward towards you while in that position. As such, you can be in an offside position and not commit an offside offence.
He is in his own half of the field of play.
There are two of his opponents nearer to their own goal line then he is.
The ball last touched an opponent or was last played by him.
He receives the ball direct from a goal kick, a corner kick, a throw-in or when it is dropped by the refree.
Punishment for Offences
If the single infraction is deemed serious enough or the culprit persistently offends during a match, the referee can choose to take extra action against a particular individual:
Yellow Card - A `caution` given to a player. If two of these cards are shown to the same player, it means a...Red Card or marching order from the field.
Red Card - Showing a red card to a player means he/she is expelled from the match. A straight red card (no previous `caution`) can be shown for extreme offences such as serious foul play, violent conduct, spitting, deliberate hand-ball to prevent a goal, a professional foul (denying a goal scoring opportunity) and insulting language or gestures.
Law 10 Goal kick
When the whole of the ball passes over the goal line excluding that portion between the goal posts either in the air or on the ground, having last been played by one of the attacking team, it shall be direct kicked in to play beyond the penalty area, from a point within that half of the goal area nearest to where it crossed the line, by a player of the defending team. A goal keeper shall not receive the ball into his hands from a goal kick in the order that he may there after kick it into play. If the ball is not kicked beyond the penalty area, i.e., direct into play, the kick shall be retaken. or been played by another player. A goal shall not be scored direct from such a kick. Players of the team opposing that of the player taking the goal kick shall remain outside the penalty area whilst the kick is being taken.
Punishment :
If a player taking a goal kick plays the ball a second time after it has passed beyond the penalty area, but before it has touched or been played by another player, an indirect free kick shall be awarded to the opposing team, to be taken from the place where the infringement occurred.
Law 11 Free Kicks
Whenever a free kick is taken, the opposition must be at least 10 yards away from the ball until it is delivered. If this rule is not adhered to, the kick is retaken. There are two types of free kick awarded, depending on the nature of the offence:
Direct free kick - Allows the team to take a direct shot at the opponent’s goal. Awarded as a result of fouls with evidence intent to harm or reckless/excessive force (e.g. a sliding tackle which takes the player first, shirt-pulling and a deliberate hand-ball).
Indirect free kick - A direct strike on goal is not permitted, meaning any shot must come from the second player to touch the ball after the kick is taken. If a direct strike is successfully made on goal, a goal kick to the opposition is given. An indirect free kick is awarded for any foul which is dangerous or impedes an opponent.
Punishment : If the kicker, after taking the free kick, plays the ball a second time it has been touched or played by another player, an indirect free kick shall be taken by players of the opposing team from the sport where the infringement occurred.
Law 12 Penalty Kick
A penalty kick is awarded for offences taking place in the penalty and goal area. A nominated member of the team awarded the penalty is allowed a strike at goal from the penalty spot (see the image in the `field of play` section), with only the goalkeeper to beat. The goalkeeper must remain on his line until the ball has been kicked, and all other players must be outside the area behind the penalty spot. After he has taken the kick, he cannot strike the ball again without another player touching the ball.
Punishment : For any infringement of this law:
By the defending team, the kick is retaken if a goal has not resulted;
By the attacking team other than by the player taking the kick, if a goal is scored, it shall be disallowed and the kick retaken;
By the player taking the penalty kick committed after the ball is in play, a player of the opposing team shall take an indirect free kick from the spot where the infringement occurred.
Law 13 Throw-in
A throw-in is awarded when the whole ball crosses the touch line (conceded by the team who last touched the ball). It is delivered off the field of play with both hands and from behind and over the deliverer’s head. Otherwise it is deemed to be a `foul throw` and a throw-in is given to the opposition. It cannot go direct to the goalkeeper’s hands (if on the same team) and you cannot score directly from a throw-in.
Punishment :
If the ball is improperly thrown in, the thrown-in shall be taken by a player of the opposing team.
If the thrower plays the ball second time before it has been touched or played another player, an indirect free kick shall be taken by the player of the opposing from the place where the infringement occurred.
Law 14 Corner Kick
A Corner kick is awarded once the whole ball crosses the goal line of the opposition, after last touching one of their players. Taken from the corner of whichever side the ball exited the field, in the prescribed quarter-circle space. Opponents must be 10 yards from the corner arc and the kicker cannot touch the ball a second time without contact from someone else beforehand (or the opponent receives an indirect free kick). Rules of football are, thus, set to help players to play the game safely and with good spirit.
Punishment :
For an infringement of this law, an indirect free kick shall be awarded to the opposing team, to be taken from the place where the infringement occurred.
Introduction
Foot ball is the most popular game in the world due to it is easy availability. You need simply one ball to play. Most of the people in villages and even in colonies play it without caring much for the rules and regulation.
Although no exact source of origin of foot ball is available, some historians believe that the game organized in England centuries ago and was officially played for the first time in 417 A.D. at Durby, England.
The modern rules of football are based on the mid-19th century efforts to standardize the widely varying forms of football played at the public schools of England.
The laws of the game are currently determined by the International Football Association Board (IFAB). The Board was formed in 1886 after a meeting in Manchester of The Football Association, the Scottish Football Association, the Football Association of Wales, and the Irish Football Association. The world's oldest football competition is the FA Cup, which was founded by C. W. Alcock and has been contested by English teams since 1872. The first official international football match took place in 1872 between Scotland and England in Glasgow, again at the instigation of C. W. Alcock. England is home to the world's first football league, which was founded in Birmingham in 1888 by Aston Villa director William McGregor. The original format contained 12 clubs from the Midlands and the North of England. FIFA, the international football body, was formed in Paris in 1904 and declared that they would adhere to Laws of the Game of the Football Association. The growing popularity of the international game led to the admittance of FIFA representatives to the International Football Association Board in 1913. The board currently consists of four representatives from FIFA and one representative from each of the four British associations.
Today, football is played at a professional level all over the world. Millions of people regularly go to football stadiums to follow their favorite teams, while billions more watch the game on television or on the internet. A very large number of people also play football at an amateur level. According to a survey conducted by FIFA published in 2001, over 240 million people from more than 200 countries regularly play football. While football has the highest global television audience in sport, its simple rules and minimal equipment requirements at amateur level, have no doubt aided its growth in terms of participation.
Techniques of foot ball
- Kicking
- Trapping
- Dribbling
- Passing
- Heading
- Tackling
- Goal keeping
Trapping: Trapping means to gain control over the ball to prevent it from rebounding away from the player.
Dribbling: Dribbling is done while waiting to send a pass. In dribbling the ball is not kicked but pushed. While dribbling full attention is given to the team-mates as well as opponents together with the ball.
Passing: For a good coordination between the players, effective passing is an essential requirement for all players. Passing can be done over short or long distance, either by head or by foot.
Heading: It means taking on the ball forward with speed to facilitate throwing in.
Tackling: It is move to take away the ball from the opponent and to gain control over it.
Goal keeping: Most important in defending a game is ensuring strong goal keeping. Besides defending the goal, the goal keeper must ensure his personal safety. The goal keeper must use hands first and place his body behind the heads the hands from a second barrier to the ball.
Rules of the game
Law 1 Field of Play
The marking: the field of play shall be marked with distinctive marking not more than 5 inches in width, not by a v-shaped cut, in according with the plan, the longer boundary lines being called the touchlines and the shorter the goal lines. A flag on a post not less than 5 feet height and having a non-pointed top shall be placed at each corner; a similar flag post may be placed opposite the half way line on each side of the field of play no less than 1 yard out side the touch line. A half way line shall be marked out across the field of play. The centre of the field of play shall be indicated by a suitable mark and a circle with a 10 yards radius shall be marked around it.
The goal area: at each of the field of play two lines shall be drawn at right angles to the goal line, 6 yards from each goal post. These shall extend in to the field of play from a distance of 6 yards and shall enclose by these lines and the goal line shall be called a goal area.
The penalty area: at each end of the field of play two lines shall be drawn at right angles to the goal line, 18 yards fro each goal post. These shall extend in to the field of play from a distance of 18 yards and shall be joined by a line drawn parallel with the goal line. Each of the space enclosed by these lines and the goal lines shall be called a penalty area. A suitable mark shall be made with each penalty area, 12 yards from the midpoint of the goal line, measured along an undrawn line at right angle thereto. These shall be the penalty-kick marks. From each penalty kick an arc of a circle, having a radius of 10 yards, shall be drawn out side the penalty area.
The corner area: from each corner flag a quarter circles, having a radius of 1 yard, shall be draw inside the field of play.
The goals: the goal shall be placed on centre of each goal line and shall consist of two upright posts equidistant from the corner flag and 8 yards apart( inside measurement), joined by a horizontal cross bar the lower edge which shall be 8 feet from the ground. The width and depth of goal posts and the width and depth of cross bar shall not exceed 5 inches. The goal posts and cross bars shall have the same width.
Law 2 The Ball
The ball shall be spherical; the outer casting shall be of leather or other approved materials, the circumference of the ball shall not be more than 28 inches and not less than 27 inches. The weight of the ball at the start of the game shall not be more than 16 ounces not less than 14 ounces.
Law 3 Number of Players
- A match shall be played by two teams, each consisting of not more than eleven players, one of whom shall be the goal keeper.
- Substitutes may be used in any match played under the rules of a competition,
- Substitutes may be used in any other match, provided that the two teams concerned reach agreement on a maximum number not exceeding five and that the terms of such agreement or intimation to the referee, before the match. If the referee is not informed, or if the team fails to reach agreement, no more than two substitutes shall be permitted.
- Any of other players may change places with the goal keeper, provided that the referee is informed before the change is made, and provided also that the change is made during a stoppage in the game.
- When a goal keeper or any other player is to be replaced by a substitute, the following condition shall be observed:
The substitute shall await a signal from the refree before entering the field of play;
He shall enter field during a stoppage in the game, and at the half way line; and
Play shall not be restarted until the player who has been replaced has left the field.
Law 4 Equipments
Basic equipment is the team jersey, shorts, shin guards with socks and studded boots or trainers depending on the surface. The goalkeeper is also permitted gloves and a different colored jersey for identification purposes.
Law 5 Referee
The referee adjudicates the match in collaboration with two linesmen (properly referred to as `referee’s assistants`) and a fourth official, situated on the touchline, if necessary. The referee’s tasks include acting as a timekeeper (although with advice on the amount of `injury time` to be added on to the 45 minutes each half to compensate for injuries and other stoppages), awarding free kicks and penalties and generally dealing with anything requiring a ruling. Can also choose to allow play to proceed in case of a foul, providing there is an `advantage` to be gained by the team against which the foul has been committed.
Law 6 Linesmen
Two linesmen shall be appointed, whose duty (subject to the decision of the referee) shall be to indicate when the ball is out of play and which side is entitled to the corner kick, goal kick or throw-in.
Law 7 Duration of the Match
The match officially lasts 90 minutes, split into two 45-minute halves with a half-time interval of no longer than 15 minutes. In the knock-out stages of competitions, extra-time is used if there is no winner after 90 minutes. This extra period is 30 minutes, split into two 15 minute halves. If extra-time does not find a winner, then a penalty shoot-out takes place, where five players from each team are selected and alternate shots on goal from the penalty spot against the opposition goalkeeper. In that instance, the team with the most successful penalties is declared the winner. If they are still tied then they will move on to sudden-death penalties, where each team will take one penalty until one of the two sides has scored move than the other after the side amount of spot kicks.
Law 8 Start and Restart of Play
A coin toss takes place just before the game starts, the winner of which will get the choice of choosing which end to attack or whether to kick-off. Should they choose to kick-off then the other captain will be allowed elect which end to attack in the first half.
The kick-off is also used after a goal has been scored, the task befalling the team who has conceded, and for both halves of extra-time. At the kick-off, players from each side must all be in their half of the field. The actual kick-off takes place on the centre spot in the centre circle. The player who kicks off cannot touch it again until another player has made contact.
Law 9 Offside
The perennial problem for newcomers in football is to understand the offside rule. This is made somewhat harder by the fact there are two elements to offside in football; being in an offside position, and committing an offside offence. To be in an offside position is to be closer to the opponent’s goal than the last opposition outfield player (therefore excluding the goalkeeper) and the ball. However, to commit an offside offence is to have the ball played forward towards you while in that position. As such, you can be in an offside position and not commit an offside offence.
He is in his own half of the field of play.
There are two of his opponents nearer to their own goal line then he is.
The ball last touched an opponent or was last played by him.
He receives the ball direct from a goal kick, a corner kick, a throw-in or when it is dropped by the refree.
Punishment for Offences
If the single infraction is deemed serious enough or the culprit persistently offends during a match, the referee can choose to take extra action against a particular individual:
Yellow Card - A `caution` given to a player. If two of these cards are shown to the same player, it means a...Red Card or marching order from the field.
Red Card - Showing a red card to a player means he/she is expelled from the match. A straight red card (no previous `caution`) can be shown for extreme offences such as serious foul play, violent conduct, spitting, deliberate hand-ball to prevent a goal, a professional foul (denying a goal scoring opportunity) and insulting language or gestures.
Law 10 Goal kick
When the whole of the ball passes over the goal line excluding that portion between the goal posts either in the air or on the ground, having last been played by one of the attacking team, it shall be direct kicked in to play beyond the penalty area, from a point within that half of the goal area nearest to where it crossed the line, by a player of the defending team. A goal keeper shall not receive the ball into his hands from a goal kick in the order that he may there after kick it into play. If the ball is not kicked beyond the penalty area, i.e., direct into play, the kick shall be retaken. or been played by another player. A goal shall not be scored direct from such a kick. Players of the team opposing that of the player taking the goal kick shall remain outside the penalty area whilst the kick is being taken.
Punishment :
If a player taking a goal kick plays the ball a second time after it has passed beyond the penalty area, but before it has touched or been played by another player, an indirect free kick shall be awarded to the opposing team, to be taken from the place where the infringement occurred.
Law 11 Free Kicks
Whenever a free kick is taken, the opposition must be at least 10 yards away from the ball until it is delivered. If this rule is not adhered to, the kick is retaken. There are two types of free kick awarded, depending on the nature of the offence:
Direct free kick - Allows the team to take a direct shot at the opponent’s goal. Awarded as a result of fouls with evidence intent to harm or reckless/excessive force (e.g. a sliding tackle which takes the player first, shirt-pulling and a deliberate hand-ball).
Indirect free kick - A direct strike on goal is not permitted, meaning any shot must come from the second player to touch the ball after the kick is taken. If a direct strike is successfully made on goal, a goal kick to the opposition is given. An indirect free kick is awarded for any foul which is dangerous or impedes an opponent.
Punishment : If the kicker, after taking the free kick, plays the ball a second time it has been touched or played by another player, an indirect free kick shall be taken by players of the opposing team from the sport where the infringement occurred.
Law 12 Penalty Kick
A penalty kick is awarded for offences taking place in the penalty and goal area. A nominated member of the team awarded the penalty is allowed a strike at goal from the penalty spot (see the image in the `field of play` section), with only the goalkeeper to beat. The goalkeeper must remain on his line until the ball has been kicked, and all other players must be outside the area behind the penalty spot. After he has taken the kick, he cannot strike the ball again without another player touching the ball.
Punishment : For any infringement of this law:
By the defending team, the kick is retaken if a goal has not resulted;
By the attacking team other than by the player taking the kick, if a goal is scored, it shall be disallowed and the kick retaken;
By the player taking the penalty kick committed after the ball is in play, a player of the opposing team shall take an indirect free kick from the spot where the infringement occurred.
Law 13 Throw-in
A throw-in is awarded when the whole ball crosses the touch line (conceded by the team who last touched the ball). It is delivered off the field of play with both hands and from behind and over the deliverer’s head. Otherwise it is deemed to be a `foul throw` and a throw-in is given to the opposition. It cannot go direct to the goalkeeper’s hands (if on the same team) and you cannot score directly from a throw-in.
Punishment :
If the ball is improperly thrown in, the thrown-in shall be taken by a player of the opposing team.
If the thrower plays the ball second time before it has been touched or played another player, an indirect free kick shall be taken by the player of the opposing from the place where the infringement occurred.
Law 14 Corner Kick
A Corner kick is awarded once the whole ball crosses the goal line of the opposition, after last touching one of their players. Taken from the corner of whichever side the ball exited the field, in the prescribed quarter-circle space. Opponents must be 10 yards from the corner arc and the kicker cannot touch the ball a second time without contact from someone else beforehand (or the opponent receives an indirect free kick). Rules of football are, thus, set to help players to play the game safely and with good spirit.
Punishment :
For an infringement of this law, an indirect free kick shall be awarded to the opposing team, to be taken from the place where the infringement occurred.